Sound

Diegetic Sound: This refers to the sound in video and film that is implied to be present by the actions of what is going on through out the footage in the film. This wold include the voices of the dialogue between characters, the sounds of the objects in the film and the music from sources such as instruments and radios etc.

Non-diegetic Sound: This is sound from a source that is not on screen or implied to be present through the actions on screen. This could range from music played over the video, commentary and dramatic sound effects.

Synchronous Sound: Synchronous sound in film refers to the sounds that are matched with what is being viewed in the footage, such as if the film showed the character watching a football match, the sounds of the football match, such as cheering, are projected.

Sound Effects: This refers to the use of sound to produce particular meanings in film, television and radio. Sound effects are very important in conveying meaning to the audience in a very quick and economical way, such as the sound of a car crashing, which instantly conveys a sense that something significant had happened.

Sound Motif: This refers to sound effects that are associated with something in the film, be it a character or a place etc. These are used to connect the audience emotionally with something such as the actions of a particular character. These are often used to shape the story but are sometimes hard to create and convey across to the audience.

Sound Bridge: Sound bridges are used in the entering of a new scene or the exiting of an old scene. They can occur at the point of entry of a new scene when the sound from the previous scene is carried over, before we hear the sound from the new scene. However, they can also occur just before the exit of an old scene, when the audience hears the sound from the next scene, before the footage appears on screen.

Voiceover: This is when the voice of someone, usually the main character, is played over footage where the character is not speaking. This can be used to give a summary of events of the thoughts of a character.
(this contains both voice over, non-diegetic sound and a tune)



Mode of Address: This is when one party is communicating with another, they will use different modes of address in different circumstances and with different purposes in mind, for example, when giving a speech to a large audience, the speaker will use a relatively formal language appropriate to a public event. This differs a private conversation between two people when a public mode of address would be inappropriate and a more intimate tone is adopted.

Sound Mixing: This refers to the process by which a number of sounds are combined to create a more more appropriate sound with a multitude of channels.

Sound Perspective: Sound perspective refers to the apparent distance of a sound, this is created through a number of techniques such as the volume of the sound, the balance with other sounds, the frequency range (high frequencies may be lost at a distance), and the amount of echo and reverberation.

Soundtrack: The is the part of a film text that carries sound - the recorded sound of action filmed as well as added items such as music, voiceovers and effects. It has an important role in the generation of meaning, i.e. certain sounds are conventionally understood to have particular connotations such as the sound to built up tension in horror films.
(this video is from a movie which has a brilliant soundtrack, although not British, it's Irish.)



Score: This is a term used to describe the music in film. However a film score differs to a film soundtrack as a score tends not to include the songs from inside the movie or film compared to a soundtrack, that does. These can be written especially for a piece of video, such as in Lost with the composer Michael Giacchino.

Incidental Music: This is the atmospheric (background) music that adds to the way the audience is feeling at this point in time in the film, such as fast, up beat music during a car chase.

Stings: In radio, a sting is a short piece of music between other content.

Ambient Sound: This is similar to incidental music and relates to the sound that would be in the background of the scene but would be more diagetic sounds that would be heard in the actual location and adds to the reality or the action of the footage and helps connect the audience with the piece of film.

Editing

Yay, blogs are back!

We have been asked to find definitions and examples on editing and sound in media and british filming in general.
I large and important part of filming is to do with editing. Editing is the process of preparing raw material for publication or broadcasting. I will be focusing on the use of transitions in editing such as dissolve, fade-in, fade-out, wipe, superimposition, long take, short take, slow motion, ellipsis and expansion of time and visual effects.

One of the topics that we where to define is the term post-production. The whole process of producing a film or video can be divided into a number of phases.
The pre-production phase consists of detailed planning, setting up locations where necessary and hiring a production crew. The production phase involving actual filming needs to be kept as short as possible since it is very expensive.
However, all film and television will require a post-production phase in which the results of production are prepared for broadcasting or distribution. Most important of all there has to be a process of editing of the raw rushes into a coherent film or television program. For many films (such as Transformers) this will involve complex visual effects and can be a long and expensive process.

Now for the definitions and examples.

Transitions: This refers to editing tool that people involved in post-production use to connect two pieces of video together, this may include some of the following, such as dissolve, fade-in, fade-out, wipe etc.

Dissolve: In film making where one shot fades in at the same time as another fades out.

Fade: This refers to the gradual appearance (fade in) or disappearance (fade out) in an image or shot in a visual narrative. Sound can also fade in or fade out.



Wipe: A technique in film and video editing whereby one image is replaced by another, typically by a line moving across the screen.

Superimposition: In film, this is to lay or place an image or a piece of video on or over something else.

Takes: This refers to the attempt at filming a particular scene or a portion of narrative. As is now well known from the popularity of out-take programs on TV, the production of the final take my involve many attempts.
These takes can be either categorized as a long take or small take, referring to the amount of time that passes while the camera is rolling.



Slow Motion: This is a special effect produced by the increasing the speed of film run through the camera, so that when the film is projected at the standard rate of twenty-four frames per second the action appears to be slowed down.

Expansion of Time: This is an editing tool to make the time n the film or video increase compared to the audiences real time.

Visual Effects: This is the artificially created (trick) images in film, often to create the illusion that an action that cannot be performed naturally - a man flying or a famous building being blown up - is actually happening.
There are three categories of special effect: those done on camera, those done on set and those carried out in post-production.
(the video below should jump straight to 2:05)